Canine strokes are also called CerebroVascular Accidents (CVAs) or Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIAs) depending on the type and severity of the event. Similar symptoms may be seen in other types of dog brain injury as well as canine vestibular sydrome, so a veterinary workup is necessary for accurate diagnosis.
Signs of canine strokes include head tilt, a loss of balance and/or vision with circling and falling episodes. Unlike human stroke cases, facial weakness resulting in drooping of the eye or mouth is rarely seen in dogs. Head tilt and circling in affected dogs are generally considered to be the result of disorientation and dizziness rather than limb weakness.
Causes of Strokes in Dogs
A ruptured blood vessel or any type of bleeding into the brain can result in hemorrhagic canine stroke. An aneurysm, a sac or outpouching created in the weakened wall of a blood vessel, is a common place for a rupture to occur. In this type of hemorrhagic stroke the blood may leak into the dog's brain causing direct damage to brain tissue. The blood may also become trapped between the brain and the skull, resulting in pressure on brain tissue, which causes necrosis (or tissue death).
In ischemic canine strokes there is a sudden lack of blood to the dog's brain. This may be caused by an embolism or some type of blockage in an artery or by a thrombosis or narrowing of an artery.
Dogs with kidney problems, heart disease, Cushing’s disease, diabetes or thyroid dysfunction are at higher risk for strokes. Head trauma, tumors in the brain or tumors metastasizing to the brain and some congenital clotting dysfunctions may also contribute to canine strokes.
Diagnosis of Canine Stroke
In order to determine whether a dog has had a stroke, extensive tests must be done. Computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) must be done to evaluate the damage to the brain and rule out tumors. Canine vestibular syndrome also mimics stroke symptoms but there is no damage to the dog's brain, thus brain damage rules out this common canine problem.
A sample of spinal fluid may be taken from the dog to ensure there is no infection or inflammation causing stroke-like symptoms. Blood tests may help evaluate whether other diseases such as diabetes or thyroid dysfunction may have contributed to the problem.
Treatment and Prevention of Strokes in Dogs
While there is no specific treatment for canine strokes, good basic nursing care will help the dog recover. Attention must then be paid to the cause of the canine stroke. If one of the above diseases has been identified as a contributing factor, controlling that underlying disease will be important in preventing future strokes.
Not all dogs will recover from a stroke. If a part of the brain that is critical for life functions is damaged the animal may not get better. But for many dogs, a return to normal life after suffering from a canine stroke is a strong possibility.
Further information on canine neurological disorders.
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